Cody Hou

I’m a student blogging about my hobbies, travel, and tech

8 minute read

This blog post will demonstrate how I set up a new Arch Linux install with BTRFS, an encrypted filesystem with dm-crypt, and encrypted swap partition via a swap file. This post assumes some basic familiarity with the command line, Linux distros, and terminology around installing a Linux distro.

This post was last updated at 2023-02-25. The Arch Linux install guide on the Arch wiki may have more up-to-date instructions on installation.

Why?

  • Why Arch: Arch Linux is a rolling release distro. That means getting to play with the latest features! You get to decide how you like the software: the customization is endless. Plus, the comprehensive official Arch Linux repositories with the Arch User Repository (AUR) centralizes the installation of software. However, being on the bleeding edge and being hands-on with the software means that an update or change might accidentally break the system, which leads to the next point.
  • Why BTRFS: While BTRFS supports many advanced features, such as copy-on-write, one of the main advantages of this filesystem is the ability to easily create snapshots in a space-efficient manner. Snapshots can be restored from an Arch Linux install USB, which is handy especially if you can no longer log into the system.
  • Why encryption: Data security is important, especially on laptops. As someone who has access and may locally store protected health information (PHI), ensuring that these data cannot be accessed if my device is lost or stolen is paramount. BTRFS supports encryption with swap files.

Installation

The steps below assumes the system you’re installing Arch Linux to uses UEFI (which has been the standard for some time now), not legacy BIOS.

  1. Boot into an Arch Linux install USB. Verify the system is using UEFI boot mode by listing files in efivars (if directory is blank, boot mode is legacy BIOS). Establish a network connection with iwd if using WiFi and verify the system clock.

     ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
 iwctl
 timedatectl status

  2. Create a 512 MB EFI partition (if dual-booting, at least 1GB) and a Linux filesystem partition (usually the rest of the disk space) for Linux filesystem.

    • The disk name usually looks like sda for SATA-attached disks or nvme0n1 for NVME drives. You can check this with fdisk -l. I will use nvme0n1 from now on.
    • For NVME disks, the first partition is named nvme0n1p1 (sda1 for SATA devices) and the second partition is nvme0n1p2 (sda2 for SATA devices).
    • You can use several different tools for this, but I use gdisk.
    • If formatting and overwriting an existing disk, use wipefs --all followed by the device name (e.g. /dev/nvme0n1). For good measure, I also clear the partition data and create a new GPT table in gdisk with the o option.
    • In gdisk, create a new partition with n and follow the prompts. I make my first partition the EFI partition (press Enter to accept default first sector, then type +512M or +1G) and the second my filesystem partition (press Enter and accept all defaults).
    • In gdisk, use ef00 to set the filesystem to EFI.
     gdisk /dev/nvme0n1

  3. Create a FAT32 system on the EFI partition, e.g. nvme0n1p1 or sda1.

     mkfs.fat -F 32 /dev/nvme0n1p1

  4. Initialize encryption on the Linux filesystem partition. You’ll be prompted to enter a password to encrypt your system twice.

     cryptsetup -y -v luksFormat /dev/nvme0n1p2
 cryptsetup open /dev/nvme0n1p2 cryptroot

  5. Create a BTRFS file system on the newly encrypted Linux filesystem partition and mount it.

     mkfs.btrfs /dev/mapper/cryptroot
 mount /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt

  6. Change into /mnt and create subvolumes for root, home, snapshots, var/log, and swap. The names of the subvolumes here are recommended for use with snapper, a program that will help automate snapshots for us. I add an additional subvolume for our swap file since it needs to be on a non-snapshotted subvolume.

     cd /mnt
 btrfs subvolume create @
 btrfs subvolume create @home
 btrfs subvolume create @snapshots
 btrfs subvolume create @var_log
 btrfs subvolume create @swap

  7. Unmount cryptroot and then remount subvolumes and boot partition. For BTRFS mount options, I use noatime (disables file writing access times to improve performance), zstd (file compression), and space_cache=v2 (new implementation of a free space tree for BTRFS cache).

     cd
 umount /mnt
 mount -o noatime,compress=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@ /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt
 mkdir -p /mnt/{boot,home,.snapshots,var/log,swap}
 mount -o noatime,compress=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@home /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt/home
 mount -o noatime,compress=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@snapshots /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt/.snapshots
 mount -o noatime,compress=zstd,space_cache=v2,subvol=@var_log /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt/var/log
 mount -o noatime,subvol=@swap /dev/mapper/cryptroot /mnt/swap
 mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/boot

  8. Make sure swap subvolume is not being snapshotted, then create a swap file (my rule of thumb is 2 GB for VMs or 0.5 times the system RAM in GB; change count= parameter to your swap file size, in MB) and turn it on.

     cd /mnt/swap
 chattr +C /mnt/swap
 dd if=/dev/zero of=./swapfile bs=1M count=4096 status=progress
 chmod 0600 ./swapfile
 mkswap -U clear ./swapfile
 swapon ./swapfile

  9. Install the necessary base packages on your system. I use the packages below. Be sure to replace intel-ucode with amd-ucode if using an AMD processor.

     cd
 pacstrap -K /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware intel-ucode zsh zsh-completions sudo vim git btrfs-progs dosfstools e2fsprogs exfat-utils ntfs-3g smartmontools networkmanager dialog man-db man-pages texinfo pacman-contrib

  10. Continue with the install guide by generating your fstab, arch-chrooting into /mnt, and setting up time zone, system locale, hostname, networking, users, and sudo

    genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt

# Look in /usr/share/zoneinfo/ for your region and city!
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/America/Chicago /etc/localtime
hwclock --systohc

# Edit /etc/locale.gen and uncomment necessary locales
vim /etc/locale.gen
locale-gen

# Add name of machine to /etc/hostname
vim /etc/hostname

# Edit /etc/hosts and add uncommented info below
# 127.0.0.1    localhost
# ::1          localhost
# 127.0.1.1    [replace all this text and brackets with name of machine]
vim /etc/hosts

passwd
useradd -m -G wheel,rfkill -s /bin/zsh cody
passwd cody
chfn -f “Cody Hou” cody

# Uncomment wheel line
EDITOR=vim visudo

  11. For the boot manager, I use grub because there are some packages that play nicely with restoring snapshots from the GRUB interface that we will see later.

    pacman -S grub efibootmgr

  12. Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf. Add btrfs to MODULES and make sure HOOKS looks like the following:

    HOOKS=(base udev autodetect modconf block encrypt filesystems keyboard fsck)

  13. Regenerate your initramfs.

    mkinitcpio -P

  14. Generate your bootloader.

    grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=GRUB

  15. Obtain the UUID of the partition that the system was installed on. You can see this with the blkid command (don’t use cryptroot; use the UUID of e.g. /dev/nvme0n1p2 or /dev/sda2). It should look something like 5f5b0b02-318c-4980-bcb5-793d44fe4387.

  16. Edit /etc/default/grub and at the line beginning with GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT, insert at the end with a space after quiet. Replace the UUID with the one on your system partition.

    root=/dev/mapper/cryptroot cryptdevice=UUID=5f5b0b02-318c-4980-bcb5-793d44fe4387:cryptroot

  17. Regenerate grub.cfg.

    grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

  18. Add or configure any additional software. For example, I make sure to enable the following services.

    # Networking on reboot
systemctl enable NetworkManager.service

# TRIM on SSDs
systemctl enable fstrim.timer

# pacman cache cleaner
systemctl enable paccache.timer
  19. Exit chroot, reboot the system, and remove the Arch Linux install USB. You should be prompted to enter a password for your encrypted partition before logging in! If not, something in the process didn’t go quite right (e.g. UUID wasn’t typed correctly). With the install USB, you can remount all the partitions and arch-chroot to fix this.

  20. We’re now going to set up snapper.

    sudo pacman -S snapper
  21. When we create a snapshot configuration with snapper, it will also create a subvolume and folder called /.snapshots, even though we created the snapshots subvolume mounted on /.snapshots earlier. To remedy this we will:

    1. Unmount our snapshots subvolume mounted at /.snapshots and delete the /.snapshots folder.

       sudo umount /.snapshots
 sudo rm -r /.snapshots

    2. Create our snapper config and let snapper do its weird thing.

       sudo snapper -c root create-config /

    3. Confirm that snapper did its weird thing and delete the newly created subvolume and folder.

       sudo btrfs subvolume list /
 sudo btrfs subvolume delete /.snapshots

    4. Recreate the folder and remount it to our snapshots subvolume.

       sudo mkdir /.snapshots
 sudo mount -a

  22. Let’s give read, write and execute access from our snapshots (so we can access them).

    sudo chmod 750 /.snapshots
  23. Edit snapper config at /etc/snapper/configs/root, add ALLOW_USERS=”[your username here, replace the brackets too]” and change frequency to that listed on the snapper wiki page.

  24. Enable the snapper services. If on an SSD, enable TRIM.

    sudo systemctl enable --now snapper-timeline.timer
sudo systemctl enable --now snapper-cleanup.timer
sudo systemctl enable fstrim.timer

  25. Home stretch! Next I’ll install yay, an AUR helper. It helps us install and manage packages from the AUR. You can also use paru if you wish.

    git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay
cd yay
makepkg -si PKGBUILD

  26. Install snap-pac-grub and rsync. snap-pac-grub takes a system snapshot after every single install with pacman (so we can revert if an upgrade breaks something) and then makes these snapshots accessible and bootable from GRUB. Since our boot partition is not being snapshotted (only root), I’ll use rsync to copy the files of /boot during every Linux kernel upgrade.

    yay -S snap-pac-grub rsync

  27. Edit /etc/mkinitcpio.conf and add grub-btrfs-overlayfs to the end of HOOKS, and then regenerate your initramfs. We did something like this earlier. This step enables booting from our snapshots from GRUB.

    sudo mkinitcpio -P

  28. Our BTRFS snapshots will not backup /boot as it is on a different partition. If an update to a newer kernel version causes instability, we will want to restore the older kernel image. Create the folder /etc/pacman.d/hooks and in it, create a first hook which will sync /boot before a kernel update.

    sudo mkdir /etc/pacman.d/hooks
sudo vim /etc/pacman.d/hooks/0-bootbackup-preupdate.hook

    [Trigger]
Operation = Upgrade
Operation = Install
Operation = Remove
Type = Path
Target = usr/lib/modules/*/vmlinuz
    
[Action]
Depends = rsync
Description = Backing up /boot before updating...
When = PreTransaction
Exec = /usr/bin/rsync -a --delete /boot /.bootbackup/preupdate

  29. Duplicate this hook and name it as 95-bootbackup-postupdate.hook, this time to copy the new kernel after updating.

    sudo cp /etc/pacman.d/hooks/0-bootbackup-preupdate.hook /etc/pacman.d/hooks/95-bootbackup-postupdate.hook

    [Trigger]
Operation = Upgrade
Operation = Install
Operation = Remove
Type = Path
Target = usr/lib/modules/*/vmlinuz
    
[Action]
Depends = rsync
Description = Backing up /boot after updating...
When = PostTransaction
Exec = /usr/bin/rsync -a --delete /boot /.bootbackup/postupdate

  30. Reboot and make an image for rollback to this base system in case something bad goes wrong.

    sudo snapper -c root create --description “Clean BTRFS install with Snapper”

  31. Finished! Phew, that was a handful. But this establishes an excellent base system from which to work off of. You can install your favorite desktop environment/window manager and programs. I use KDE.

    sudo pacman -S xorg xorg-xinit xf86-input-libinput xf86-input-wacom mesa plasma-meta sddm konsole xdg-user-dirs xdg-utils tlp tlp-rdw reflector firefox dolphin ark kate kio-gdrive okular elisa vlc gwenview gimp krita kcalc spectacle kcharselect ksystemlog packagekit-qt5 kvantum noto-fonts noto-fonts-cjk noto-fonts-emoji fcitx5-mozc fcitx5-qt fcitx5-gtk fcitx5-configtool bitwarden libreoffice-still hunspell hunspell-en_us print-manager skanpage cups ghostscript gsfonts cups-pdf hplip bluez bluez-utils pulseaudio-bluetooth neofetch kdeconnect

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